Argument 51

The following appeared in a medical newsletter.
"Doctors have long suspected that secondary infections may keep some patients from healing quickly after severe muscle strain. This hypothesis has now been proved by preliminary results of a study of two groups of patients. The first group of patients, all being treated for muscle injuries by Dr. Newland, a doctor who specializes in sports medicine, took antibiotics regularly throughout their treatment. Their recuperation time was, on average, 40 percent quicker than typically expected. Patients in the second group, all being treated by Dr. Alton, a general physician, were given sugar pills, although the patients believed they were taking antibiotics. Their average recuperation time was not significantly reduced. Therefore, all patients who are diagnosed with muscle strain would be well advised to take antibiotics as part of their treatment."
下述文字摘自一份医学时事通讯。
　　“长期以来，医生们怀疑二次感染可能会妨碍某些病人在发生严重肌肉损伤后迅速痊愈。这一假设现在已被一项对两组病人展开的研究的初步结果所证实。第一组病人全都由Newland博士来治疗肌肉受伤。Newland博士的专业为运动医学，他让病人们在整个治疗期间定期服用抗生素。平均而言，这些病人的康复时间比普遍所预期的快40％。第二组病人由全科医生Alton博士负责治疗。Alton博士让病人服用糖丸，虽然病人相信他们所服用的是抗生素。他们的平均康复时间没有得到大幅度的缩短。因此，所有被诊断患有肌肉损伤的病人去服用抗生素作为其治疗的一个部分，这无疑是明智的。”

Argument 52

The following appeared in a memo to the human resources manager at Baobob Inc., a large architectural firm.
"Several well-known, retired architects were interviewed in Architecture Today about changes in the field. Only one had earned a college degree in architecture. All others had come into the field at an early age by serving apprenticeships that required them to work under the direct supervision of an experienced architect. Several of the colleges that we recruit from report that many promising architecture students leave school early in their undergraduate career. Therefore, because finding talented architecture graduates is becoming more difficult, Baobob Inc. should start an aggressive apprenticeship program and hire students who express an interest in architecture directly out of high school rather than wait for them to get out of college."
下述文字摘自一份致Baobob公司——一家大型建筑设计公司——人力资源经理的备忘录。
　　“几位著名的、已退休的建筑师接受了《今日建筑》杂志的采访，讨论建筑领域中的变化。他们中仅有一位曾获得建筑学专业大学学位，所有其他几位都是通过早年当学徒进入这一行业的，其学徒生涯要求他们在一个经验丰富的建筑师的直接监督下工作。我们从中招聘职员的某些学院反映，许多极具潜质的建筑学学生在其本科学业的早期便离校。因此，由于寻找有天赋的建筑学毕业生正变得越来越困难，Baobob公司应该开始实施一项积极大胆的学徒计划，直接从高中雇用那些对建筑表现出兴趣的学生，而不是等待他们从学院毕业。”

Argument 53

Thirteen years ago, researchers studied a group of 25 infants who showed signs of mild distress when exposed to unfamiliar stimuli such as an unusual odor or a tape recording of an unknown voice. They discovered that these infants were more likely than other infants to have been conceived in early autumn, a time when their mothers' production of melatonin—a hormone known to affect some brain functions—would naturally increase in response to decreased daylight. In a follow-up study conducted earlier this year, more than half of these children—now teenagers—who had shown signs of distress identified themselves as shy. Clearly, increased levels of melatonin before birth cause shyness during infancy and this shyness continues into later life.
　　“13年前，科研人员研究了一组总数为25名的婴儿，这些婴儿在接触到诸如异常气味或一未知声音的录音等陌生刺激物时，表现出了轻微痛苦的症状。他们发现这些婴儿要比其他婴儿更有可能是在秋季早期受孕的，那时他们母亲褪黑激素——一种会影响某些大脑功能的激素——的产生会自然地随着白昼光照的减少而增加。在一项今年早些时候所作的跟踪研究中，这些曾表现出痛苦症状的孩子——现在均已成为青少年——中半数以上的人将自己描述为具有害羞心理。显然，产前褪黑激素含量的上升会导致婴儿时期的害羞心理，并且这种害羞心理会一直持续到后来的生活中。”

Argument 54

The following appeared in a newsletter on dental health.
"A recent research study reported the experience of dentists whose patients had, over a period of five years, regularly used Flux Dental Floss as part of their dental hygiene routine. The report indicates that these dentists had 50 percent fewer cases of gum disease than did dentists whose patients did not use Flux regularly. In addition, most of the Flux users who were surveyed by their dentists agreed that Flux's mint flavor would encourage people to floss more often. Thus, even though Flux may cost more than other brands of floss, it is clearly a worthwhile investment for those who want to be assured of healthy teeth and gums."
下述文字摘自有关牙齿健康的一份时事通讯。
　　“一项最近的调查研究报道了牙医们的医疗经验。这些牙医所治疗的病人在为期5年的时间中定期使用Flux洁牙线作为其牙龄卫生日常护理的一部分。这份报告显示，这些牙医碰到的牙床病个案的数量，要比那些其病人不定期使用Flux洁牙线的牙医的少50％。此外，大多数被其牙医调查的Flux洁牙线的使用者一致认为，Flux洁牙线的薄荷味会促使他们较为频繁地使用洁牙线来清洁牙齿。因此，即使Flux洁牙线会比其他品牌的洁牙线售价高，但显而易见，对于那些希望拥有一副健康的牙齿和牙床的人来说，它不失为一项物有所值的投资。”

Argument 55

The following appeared in a Letter to the Editor of the Shady Village newspaper.
"Commuters are complaining that the rush hour traffic on Blue Highway between Shady Village and Bright City has doubled their commuting time. Some commuters have asked that an additional traffic lane be built, but the recent creation of such a lane on nearby Green Highway apparently attracted more commuters, judging from the fact that rush-hour traffic jams actually increased there this past winter. To reduce rush-hour traffic on Blue Highway, a bicycle lane should be added instead of a traffic lane. This approach will succeed because many citizens of Shady Village are avid bicyclists; 75 percent of respondents to a recent questionnaire distributed there said they would like to bicycle more hours per week than they currently do."
下述文字摘自一封致《Shady村报》编辑的信函。
　　“乘坐公交车上下班的旅客抱怨说，Shady村和Bright市之间的Blue公路高峰时段的交通使他们上下班的时间增加了一倍。有些乘客要求加开一条交通车道，但最近在附近的Green公路上新开通的这样一条车道明显吸引了更多的乘客，作出这一判断的理由是去年冬天高峰时段的交通堵塞在那里实际上有增无减。为了减少Blue公路上高峰时段的交通流量，应增设一条自行车道而不是机动车道。这一方法将取得成功，因为Shady村的许多公民都是劲头十足的自行车爱好者。75％的受访者在回答一份最近在当地散发的问卷调查时回答说，他们都愿意在将来每个星期比现在骑更多时间的自行车。”

Argument 56

Collectors prize the ancient life-size clay statues of human figures made on Kali Island but have long wondered how the Kalinese artists were able to depict bodies with such realistic precision. Since archeologists have recently discovered molds of human heads and hands on Kali, we can now conclude that the ancient Kalinese artists used molds of actual bodies, not sculpting tools and techniques, to create these statues. This discovery explains why Kalinese miniature statues were abstract and entirely different in style: molds could only be used for life-size sculptures. It also explains why few ancient Kalinese sculpting tools have been found. In light of this development, collectors should expect the life-size sculptures to decrease in value and the miniatures to increase in value.
　　“收藏家们非常珍视在Kali岛上制造的古代真人尺寸的人类人物泥像，但长期以来一直在绞尽脑汁思考Kali岛上的艺术家何以能用如此逼真的精确性来表现人体。由于考古学家最近在Kali岛上发现了制造人头和人手的模具，我们现在便可以得出结论，即古代Kali岛艺术家是使用真实人体的模具，而不是使用雕刻工具和技术，来创作了这些雕像。这一发现有助于说明Kali岛上的小型雕像为什么显得抽象且风格绝然不同：模具只能用于真人尺寸的雕塑。它也有助于解释为什么考古学家几乎根本没有发现任何古代的Kali雕塑工具。鉴于这一事态的发展，收藏家们可以预料，真人尺寸的雕塑将会贬值，而小型雕像则会升值。”

Argument 57

The following appeared in a newsletter on nutrition and health.
"Although the multimineral Zorba pill was designed as a simple dietary supplement, a study of first-time ulcer patients who took Zorba suggests that Zorba actually helps prevent ulcers. The study showed that only 25 percent of those ulcer patients who took Zorba under a doctor's direction developed new ulcers, compared to a 75 percent recurrence rate among ulcer patients who did not take Zorba. Clearly, then, Zorba will be highly effective in preventing recurrent ulcers and if health experts inform the general public of this fact, many first-time ulcers can be prevented as well."
下述文字摘自一份有关营养与健康的时事通讯。
　　“虽然含有多种矿物质的Zorba药丸在设计时是作为一种简易的饮食补充物，但对初次患有溃疡但服用了Zorba药丸的病人所作的一次研究表明，Zorba药实际上有助于预防溃疡病。该研究显示，遵照医嘱服用了Zorba药的病人，其中仅有25%的人患上了新的溃疡，相比而言，在那些不服用Zorba药的病人当中，溃疡复发率则高达75％。那么显而易见，Zorba药能非常有效地防止溃疡复发，如果健康专家能将这一事实告知公众，许多首次溃疡的发生也能得到预防。”

Argument 58

The following appeared in an article from a popular newsmagazine.
"In 1888 a stone was unearthed in northern Wisconsin with an inscription in an old Scandinavian alphabet and bearing the date 1362. Scandinavians were not, however, exploring or emigrating to northern Wisconsin in the fourteenth century. Recent analysis proves, in fact, that the stone had been buried in the spot where it was found for no more than 100 years. Moreover, the community near the discovery site was home to a group of people who had formed a club to study medieval Scandinavian culture—a period that includes the fourteenth century. The stone, therefore, is not a genuine artifact of medieval Scandinavian culture inscribed in the fourteenth century but most likely a hoax perpetrated by the group."
下述文字摘自某通俗时事杂志的一篇文章。
　　“1888年，Wisconsin州北部挖出一块石头，上面带有用古老的斯堪的纳维亚字母铭刻的文字，铭文的日期为1362年。但是，14世纪期间，没有斯堪的纳维亚人在Wisconsin州北部进行探险，或移居到那里。事实上，最近的分析证明，那块石头在它被发现的地方埋葬了还不到100年。此外，在发现场地附近的社区聚居着一群人，他们组织了一个俱乐部来研究中世纪斯堪的纳维亚文化——该时期涵盖整个14世纪。因此，该石块不可能是铭刻于14世纪的中世纪斯堪的纳维亚文化的真正人工制品，却最有可能是该俱乐部成员设置的一个骗局。”

Argument 59

The following appeared in an article in the health section of a newspaper.
"According to the available medical records, the six worst worldwide flu epidemics during the past 300 years occurred in 1729, 1830, 1918, 1957, 1968, and 1977. These were all years with heavy sunspot activity—that is, years when the Earth received significantly more solar energy than in normal years. People at particular risk for the flu should therefore avoid prolonged exposure to the Sun."
下述文字摘自某报健康版的某篇文章。
　　“据所能获得的医疗记载来看，过去300年中6次全球规模的最严重的流感发生于1729年，1830年，1918年，1957年，1968年和1977年。所有这些年份出现过大量太阳黑子活动，也就是说，在这些年中地球比在正常年份获得的太阳能远多得多。因此，那些特别易受流感影响的人应避免长时间曝露在太阳底下。” 

Argument 60

The following appeared in the health section of Glenntown's local newspaper.
"Several national medical studies suggest that older people who have pets tend to enjoy better health than those who do not have pets: those who have pets have lower rates of high blood pressure and arthritis. It seems clear that having to care for an animal promotes good health for the older person. Therefore, Glenntown should establish a program to give a small pet such as a dog or cat to all of its citizens who are over the age of 65. This will help to insure that our senior citizens enjoy good health
and have fewer medical bills."
下述文字摘自Glenntown当地报纸的健康版。
　　“若干项全国性医学研究表明，养宠物的老年人往往比那些不养宠物的老年人享受着更为健康的身体。那些养宠物的人患高血压和关节炎的几率相对较低。情况似乎很明显，对于老年人而言，不得不去照料一头动物可促进身体健康。因此，Glenntown应创立一项计划，向所有65岁以上的公民分发狗和猫这样一些小宠物。这将有助于确保我们的老年公民享受到健康，并减少几笔医疗开支。”

Argument 61

The following appeared in a report by the School District of Eyleria.
"Nationally, the average ratio of computers to students in kindergarten through grade 12 (K-12) is 1:5. Educators indicate that this is very good ratio. This means that across the country, all students have access to and can use computers daily in their classrooms. In Eyleria's K-12 schools, the ratio of computers to students is 1:7. This number is sufficient to ensure that all of Eyleria's students, by the time they graduate from high school, will be fully proficient in the use of computer technology. Thus, there is no reason to spend any of the schools' budget on computers or other technology in the next few years."
下述文字摘自Eyleria教育区的一份报告。
　　“从全国范围看，从幼儿园到12年级（K—12），电脑与学生的平均比例为1：5。教育学家们表示，这是一种非常恰当的比例。这意味着在整个国家，所有学生每天在教室里都能上机使用电脑。在Eyleria的K—12学校里，电脑与学生之比为1：7。这一数字足以保证，所有Eyleria的学生，当他们高中毕业之际，都将极为熟练地使用电脑技术。因此，在今后的几年中没有理由去将学校的经费化费在电脑和其他技术上。”

Argument 62

The Treasury has once again introduced a dollar coin, the Pine Tree dollar. Neither the Presidential dollar coin, introduced 11 years ago, nor the Eagle dollar coin, introduced 3 years ago, remained in circulation long: people simply preferred spending paper dollars. However, a survey conducted soon after its release indicates that the Pine Tree dollar is far more appealing than other dollar coins: 76 percent of respondents own the coin; 62 percent of those owning multiple coins consider it so attractive that they are still saving rather than spending the most recent coin to come into their possession. Since the Pine Tree coin promises to become the dollar currency of choice, the Treasury is correct to begin saving money by dramatically reducing the costly printing of paper dollars.
　　财政部再次引入了面值为一美元的硬币——松树美元。无论是11年前引入的总统美元硬币，还是3年前引入的鹰美元硬币，都没有长期流通。人们就是喜欢使用纸币的一美元钞。但在松树美元发行之后旋即进行的一项调查却显示，松树美元硬币远比其他美元硬币更具吸引力：76％的受访者拥有这一硬币；在拥有多枚硬币的人当中，有62%的人认为该硬币是如此诱人，以致于他们会将最近获得的硬币存起来而不是花掉。既然松树硬币有望成为人们自择的美元硬币，因此，财政部开始大幅度减少昂贵的纸币美元的印制从而节省费用，这完全是正确的。

Argument 63

When Stanley Park first opened, it was the largest, most heavily used park in town. It is still the largest park, but it is no longer heavily used. Video cameras mounted in the park's parking lots last month revealed the park's drop in popularity: the recordings showed an average of only 50 cars per day. In contrast, tiny Carlton Park in the heart of the business district is visited by more than 150 people on a typical weekday. An obvious difference is that Carlton Park, unlike Stanley Park, provides ample seating. Thus, if Stanley Park is ever to be as popular with our citizens as is Carlton Park, the town will obviously need to provide more benches, thereby converting some of the unused open areas into spaces suitable for socializing.
　　“当Stanley公园最初开放时，它是城内最大的、使用最频繁的公园。现在，它依然是最大的公园，但它不再是使用最频繁的公园。上个月装在停车场制高点上的录像机显示出了该公园人气的下降：录像带表明每天平均只有15辆汽车。相反，位于商务区中央的小公园，Carlton公园，却在每个普通的工作日有不止150个人前来游玩。Carlton公园迥然不同于Stanley公园的一个差别在于它提供了充足的座椅。因此，如果Stanley公园真的要像Carlton公园那样深受我们居民们的喜爱，镇政府显然必须提供更多的椅子，从而将某些空置的开阔区域改成适合于社交活动的空间。”

Argument 64

The following appeared in a memo from the Dean of the College of Education at Omni State University.
"Only seven of our state's high schools offer even one course in Latin, but over 80 percent of the graduates who study Latin at those seven schools enroll in college. Furthermore, a recent study shows that students who have mastered Latin perform much better in logic and critical thinking. Thus, in order to increase the percentage of our high school students who graduate from college as well as to ensure that they receive a better education in critical thinking, Omni State University should begin an intensive program to prepare our future teachers to teach high school Latin."
下述文字摘自Omni州立大学教育学院院长的备忘录。
　　“在我州的高中，只有7所学校开设一门拉丁语课程，但在这7所学校学习拉丁语的毕业生中，有80％以上的学生会进入大学。此外，最近的一项调查显示，掌握拉丁语的学生在逻辑与严谨思维上有着远优异的表现。因此，为了提高我们高中学生能从大学顺利毕业的百分比，并为了确保他们能在严谨思维方面获得更好的教育，Omni大学应该开始实施一项强化训练计划，旨在让我们未来的老师作好在高中教拉丁文课程的准备。”

Argument 65

The following appeared in a memo from the president of a chain of cheese stores located throughout the United States.
"For many years all the stores in our chain have stocked a wide variety of both domestic and imported cheeses. Last year, however, the five best-selling cheeses at our newest store were all domestic cheddar cheeses from Wisconsin. Furthermore, a recent survey by Cheeses of the World magazine indicates an increasing preference for domestic cheeses among its subscribers. Since our company can reduce expenses by limiting inventory, the best way to improve profits in all of our stores is to discontinue stocking many of our varieties of imported cheese and concentrate primarily on domestic cheeses."
下述文字摘自一家分布在全美国的奶酪连锁店总裁的备忘录。
　　“许多年来，我们这家连锁商号属下的所有商店都采购过许多种类的国产和进口奶酪。但在去年，我们最新一家店最畅销的前五种奶酪全都是来自Wisconsin州的国产切达干酪。此外，由《世界奶酪》杂志进行的一项近期调查显示，订阅该杂志的人当中，越来越多的人喜爱国产奶酪。既然我们的公司能够通过限制存货而减少开支，故在我们所有商店中提高利润的最佳方法是中止采购许多品种的进口奶酪，而将主要精力集中在国产奶酪上。”

Argument 66

The following appeared in a letter from a firm providing investment advice to a client.
"Homes in the northeastern United States, where winters are typically cold, have traditionally used oil as their major fuel for heating. Last year that region experienced 90 days with below-average temperatures, and climate forecasters at Waymarsh University predict that this weather pattern will continue for several more years. Furthermore, many new homes have been built in this region during the past year. Because of these developments, we predict an increased demand for heating oil and recommend investment in Consolidated Industries, one of whose major business operations is the retail sale of home heating oil."
下述文字摘自一封某提供投资建议的公司致一客户的信函。
　　“在冬季普遍甚为寒冷的美国东北部，房屋传统上都使用油作为他们冬天制热的主要燃料。去年，该地区经历了90个低于平均气温的日日夜夜，而Wanymarsh大学的天气预测人员预测，这一气候模式将持续好几年。此外，该地区去年新造了许多住房。由于这些事态的发展，我们预计取暖用油的需求将会增加，因此我们建议投资者投资给‘统一工业’，它其中一种主要的业务为家庭取暖用油的零售。”

Argument 67

The following appeared in a letter to the editor of a newspaper serving the villages of Castorville and Polluxton.
"Both the villages of Castorville and Polluxton have experienced sharp declines in the numbers of residents who pay property taxes. To save money and improve service, the two villages recently merged their once separate garbage collection departments into a single department located in Castorville, and the new department has reported few complaints about its service. Last year the library in Polluxton had 20 percent fewer users than during the previous year. It follows that we should now further economize and improve service, as we did with garbage collection, by closing the library in Polluxton and using the library in Castorville to serve both villages."
下述文字摘自一封致其服务面向Castorville和Polluxton两个村庄的某报纸编辑的信函。
　　“无论是Castorville村还是Polluxton村，支付物业费的居民人数急剧下降。为了节约费用并改善服务，这两个村庄最近将一度各自独立的垃圾清理部门合并为一个部门，总部设立在Castorville村，而这个新部门反映，人们对它的服务几乎没有任何投诉。去年，Poluxton村图书馆的用户人数比前一年减少了20％。因此，顺理成章的是，我们现在应该进一步紧缩开支，提高服务水平，正如我们对垃圾清理所做的那样，关闭Polluxton村的图书馆，转而利用Castorville村的图书馆来为两个村共同提供服务。”

Argument 68

To avoid a budget deficit next year, the City of Grandview must eliminate its funding for the Grandview Symphony. Our citizens are well aware of the fact that while the Grandview Symphony Orchestra was struggling to succeed, our city government promised annual funding to help support its programs. Last year, however, private contributions to the Symphony increased by 200 percent, and attendance at the Symphony's concerts-in-the-park series doubled. The Symphony has also announced an increase in ticket prices for next year. Such developments indicate that the Symphony can now succeed without funding from city government and we can eliminate that expense from next year's budget. This action will surely prevent a budget deficit.
下述文字摘自Prunty县某份报纸上的社论。
　　“为了提高公路上的安全性，Prunty县最近在其所有主要县级道路上将车辆的限速标准从每小时55英里降至每小时45英里。但是，每小时55英里的限速标准应予恢复，因为这一安全努力已告失败。大多数驾驶者都在超过这一新的限速标准，Prunty全县的事故率仅有微弱下降。如果我们希望提高我们道路的安全性，我们应另想办法来实施像Butler县5年前完成的那种道路改进工程，即扩大车道宽度，重新浇制高低不平道路的路面。今天，Butler县的主要道路仍然维持着每小时55英里的限速标准，但Butler县过去这一年中有报道的车祸数量要比5年前的减少了25％。”

Argument 69

Yellow-legged frogs were once common in high-altitude lakes in the Sierra Nevada mountains, but they have become increasingly rare. Trout feed on tadpoles and young frogs. Few lakes in the Sierra Nevada had any trout in them until a hundred years ago. At that time, many lakes were stocked with trout for recreational fishing, and now trout are common in virtually all bodies of water in the Sierra Nevada. Researchers removed the trout from one lake, and the frog population soon quadrupled. Since frogs are capable of moving several miles over land, removing trout from just a few lakes is clearly the way to restore the frog population to its former levels.
　　黄腿青蛙在Sierra Nevada山区的高纬度湖泊中曾一度十分普遍，但现在正在变得越来越少。鲑鱼以蝌蚪和幼小青蛙为生。100年前，Sierra Nevada地区的湖泊中几乎没有任何鲑鱼。那时，人们只是在许多湖中放养鲑鱼供娱乐性垂钓，而现在鲑鱼在Sierra Nevada地区的几乎所有水域都甚为常见。研究人员在一个湖中将鲑鱼清除掉，结果青蛙的种群数量立即增加了四倍。由于青蛙能在陆地上迁移数英里，因此，将鲑鱼从少数几个湖泊里清除掉，显然是使青蛙种群数量恢复到它以前水平的最佳途径。

Argument 70

"Studies show that in 70 percent of traffic accidents, at least one driver involved is less than 10 miles from home when the accident occurs. This statistic indicates that drivers have a tendency to drive incautiously when they are close to home, probably because familiar surroundings give them a false sense of security. Thus, the places where people feel safest are the places where they are in fact at greatest risk of serious injury."
　　“研究表明，在70％的交通事故中，至少有一个涉案司机在事故发生时离家不足10英里。这一数据表明，司机们在驾车时往往会随着离家的距离越近而愈发粗心大意，可能是因为熟稔的环境会给他们以一种虚假的安全感。因此，人们越是觉得最为安全的地方，实际上恰好就是最具严重伤亡风险的地方。”

Argument 71

"Copper occurs in nature mixed with other minerals and valuable metals in ore, and the proportion of copper in the ore can vary considerably. Until fairly recently, the only way to extract pure copper from ore was by using a process that requires large amounts of electric energy, especially if the proportion of copper in the ore is low. New copper-extracting technologies can use up to 40 percent less electricity than the older method to process the same amount of raw ore, especially when the proportion of copper in the ore is high. Therefore, we can expect the amount of electricity used by the copper-extraction industry to decline significantly."
　　“在自然界中，铜与矿石中的其他矿物和贵金属混合在一起，并且矿石中铜的含量有着千差万别。直到最近，从矿石中提取纯铜的最佳方法是使用一项需要消耗大量电能的工艺，尤其是当矿石中铜含量低的时候。在处理同等数量矿石原料的情况下，尤其是当铜在矿石中的含量很高时，新的采铜工艺可比旧式工艺少用40％的电力。因此，我们可以预期，采铜行业所消耗的电量将会大大减少。”

Argument 72

"In measuring electrical activity in different parts of the brain, researchers found that people who describe themselves as generally happy have more activity in the left prefrontal lobe of their brains than do other people. Therefore, a medication for stimulating the left prefrontal lobe of the brain would be an effective treatment for clinical depression."
　　“在测量大脑不同部位的电流活动时，研究人员发现，那些将自己描述为一般较快乐的人，他们大脑中左前额叶的活动要比其他人来得频繁。因此，能够刺激大脑左前额叶活动的药物将成为临床忧郁症的有效治疗手段。”

Argument 73

The following appeared in a memo from a manager of a car dealership.
"Ten years ago, long-term car leasing became available in our country of Mohilia as an alternative to outright car ownership, and leasing has steadily risen in popularity. For each of the last five years, the number of people leasing new cars has surpassed the number buying new cars. The average age of cars driven in Mohilia is six years; hence, if new car leases again outnumber purchases this year, it is likely that the majority of drivers will be driving leased, not individually owned, cars. Therefore, we should change the focus of our business from selling cars to leasing them."
下述文字摘自一汽车交易经理的备忘录。
　　“10年前，长期汽车租赁在我们Mohilia国开始出现，用以替代完全的汽车所有权，而租赁也持续不断地赢得了人们的欢迎。在过去5年中的每一年，租新车的人数超过了买新车的人数。在Mohilia国街头开的汽车，平均使用年龄仅为6年。因此，如果今年新车的租赁数量超过购买数量，大多数驾车者所驾的车辆很可能是租来的而非个人购买的汽车。因此，我们应该将业务的重点由售车转向租车。”

Argument 74

The following appeared in a newsletter about education policy.
"The average annual earnings of high school dropouts are significantly less than the average annual earnings of high school graduates. To address this problem, the state governor has proposed that the state should establish free vocational training programs for high school dropouts. But the availability of such programs would probably encourage some students who would otherwise have graduated to drop out in order to pursue vocational training. Hence the proposed programs would lower, not raise, the average earning potential of young people. Therefore, the state should not establish the vocational training programs but should instead focus on improving academic programs in our high schools."
下述文字摘自有关教育政策的某份时事通讯。
　　“高中退学学生的平均年收入远低于高中毕业生。为了解决这一问题，本州州长提议应该为高中退学者设立免费的职业培训计划。但所提供的这些计划有可能使原来可以毕业的学生中途退学，以便能够获得职业培训。因此，拟议中的这些计划会降低而不是提高年轻人的平均收入潜力。因此，本州不应该设立职业培训计划，而应该将注意力集中在改善我们高中学校的学业计划。”

Argument 75

The following appeared in a newsletter about health
"The proportion of children in the United States who are overweight is greater now than ever before. Obesity rates among children have been increasing since the 1970's, and during that same time period, the proportion of children living in suburbs has increased. Whereas children in rural areas tend to have outdoor active chores and children in cities often walk to school or other places they need to go, children in suburbs are typically driven everywhere. Thus the increase in childhood obesity is probably due mainly to the suburbanization of America and the associated decrease in the opportunities children have for exercise."
下述文字摘自有关健康的一份时事通讯。
　　“在美国，现在身体超重的孩子的比例比以往任何时候都高。孩子的肥胖率自20世纪70年代以来一直呈上升趋势，而在同期，居住在郊区的孩子数量也在不断上升。农村地区的孩子往往会做一些室外需一定活动量的家务，城里的孩子也经常步行上学或到其它他们必须前往的地方，但只有郊区的孩子普遍坐车到各地去。因此，孩子肥胖现象的增加可能主要是由于美国的郊区化进程，以及孩子们运动机会的相应减少。”

Argument 76

The following appeared as part of an article in a health and beauty magazine.
"A group of volunteers participated in a study of consumer responses to the new Luxess face cream. Every morning for a month, they washed their faces with mild soap and then applied Luxess. At the end of that month, most volunteers reported a marked improvement in the way their skin looked and felt. Thus it appears that Luxess is truly effective in improving the condition of facial skin."
下述文字摘自某健康与美容杂志的一篇文章。
　　“一组志愿者参加了一项旨在了解消费者对Luxess新洗面奶反应的研究。在为期一个月的时间中，每天早上，她们先是用柔性香皂清洗脸部，然后再用Luxess洗面奶。月末，大多数志愿者反映她们皮肤的外观与感觉均有显著的改善。因此，可以看出Luxess产品能真正有效地改善肌肤的状况。”

Argument 77

The cities of East Sacunda and West Sacunda are in an earthquake-prone area. Since 1985 both cities have had stringent building codes requiring all new buildings to have specific features designed to prevent damage in an earthquake. Buildings built before 1985 are exempt from the codes, but many building owners have modified their buildings to make them conform to the 1985 codes. Last year a major earthquake hit the area, and many people lost their homes. The number of people who were left homeless was much higher in East Sacunda than in West Sacunda, however, so we can conclude that building owners in East Sacunda were less likely to modify their buildings so as to bring them up to the 1985 code standards.
　　“东Sacunda和西Sacunda两个城市都地处地震易发地带。自1985年以来，这两个城市开始实施严格的建筑规范，要求所有新建房屋都带有某些旨在防止地震破坏的具体要素。1985年之前建造的房屋可免于执行这些规范，但许多大楼主人对其建筑进行了改建，以使其建筑物符合1985年的建筑规范。去年，一场大地震袭击该地区，许多人无家可归。但东Sacunda市无家可归者的人数远高于西Sacunda市，因此我们可以得出以下结论，即东Sacunda市的大楼主人没怎么去改建过他们的建筑物以使它们达到1985年的建筑标准。”

Argument 78

The following appeared in a letter to the editor of an archaeological magazine.
"Archaeologists excavated a cave that had been inhabited by prehistoric people for thousands of years. These people hunted wild animals, many of whose bones were found at levels corresponding to different times of habitation. Most of the bones at the oldest levels, over 40,000 years old, were from a deer species whose modern-day descendants are known to prefer woodland habitats, whereas most of the bones at more recent levels, dating from 30,000 to 10,000 years ago, were from a gazelle species whose modern-day descendants are known to prefer grasslands. We can thus conclude that the climate of the area changed dramatically between 40,000 and 30,000 years ago, causing the terrain to change from woodland to grassland."
下述文字摘自一封致某考古杂志编辑的信函。
　　"考古学家挖掘出了一个被史前时代的人类居住过数千年的洞穴。这些人捕杀野生动物，而许多动物骨头被发现处于与不同栖息时期相对应的年代水平。处在最古老水平（即4万年以上的时间）上的大多数骨头来自一种鹿，这种鹿现代的后代较喜欢丛林栖息地，而处在较为近期水平（追溯至3万年至1万年）上的大多数骨头来自一种瞪羚，它现代的后代则较喜欢草原。我们由此可得出结论，在4万与3万年前之间，该地区的气候出现过急剧的变化，导致地形从丛林变为草原。”

Argument 79

The following appeared in a magazine for the trucking industry
"The Longhaul trucking company was concerned that its annual accident rate (the number of accidents per mile driven) was too high. It granted a significant pay increase to its drivers and increased its training standards. It also put strict limits on the number of hours per week each driver could drive. The following year, its trucks were involved in half the number of accidents as before the changes were implemented. A survey of other trucking companies found that the highest-paid drivers were the least likely to have had an accident. Therefore, trucking companies wishing to reduce their accident rate can do so simply by raising their drivers' pay and limiting the overall number of hours they drive."
下述文字摘自百货车运输业的一份杂志
　　“Longhaul货车运输公司曾一度担心，它每年的事故率（每驾驶一英里的事故数量）太高了。于是它同意给其司机大幅度涨工资，并提高了其培训标准。它还严格限制每位司机每周的驾车时间。次年，该公司货车发生事故的数量比执行这些变化之前的年份减少了一半。对其他货运公司所作的一项调查显示，报酬最高的司机最不可能发生交通事故。因此，那些希望减少事故率的货车运输公司只需要提高其司机的工资待遇，限制他们行驶总时间便可达到目的。"

Argument 80

The following appeared as an editorial in a health magazine.
"Clormium 5 is an odorless, tasteless, and generally harmless industrial by-product that can enter the water supply. A preliminary study has linked cooking with water containing clormium 5 to an increased incidence of allergies and skin rashes. Tests of the drinking water in several areas have revealed the presence of clormium 5. Although it is possible to remove clormium 5 from water, the costs of routine testing and purification are higher than many communities can afford. Therefore, in order to prevent allergies and skin rashes, communities that cannot afford to rid their drinking water of clormium 5 should replace drinking fountains in public buildings, such as schools and libraries, with bottled-water coolers."
下述文字摘自某健康杂志的社论。
　　“Clormiun 5是一种无嗅无味、普遍无害的工业副产品，可进入供水。一项初步研究将用含有Clormiun 5的水进行烹饪与过敏及皮疹发病率的上升联系在一起。对某些地区进行的饮用水检测表明存在着Clormiun 5。尽管Clormium 5可从水中除掉，但水的例行检查及纯化所需的成本超出了许多委员会所能支付的能力。因此，为了预防过敏和皮疹，那些无法将Clormiun 5从其饮用水中除掉的社区应将诸如学校和图书馆等公共建筑物内的喷嘴或饮水器用瓶装水冷却器来替代。”

Argument 81

Allergies are an overreaction of the immune system to certain stimuli. One view is that allergies can develop as the result of childhood exposure to certain irritants, such as dust or animal dander, while the immune system is not yet mature. Another view is that exposure to particular bacteria early in childhood actually triggers the proper development of the immune system, and that limiting exposure to these bacteria through excessive hygiene can cause children's immune systems to overreact to certain irritants later on. A new study supports the second view: children who are washed especially frequently and whose parents clean their homes especially frequently are more likely to develop allergies than are other children. So in order to reduce the incidence of allergies in children and adults, parents should not limit children's exposure to irritants or bacteria.
　　“过敏是免疫系统对某些刺激物所作出的过激反应。一种观点认为，过敏之所以会产生，是由于人们在童年时期当免疫系统尚未成熟时曝露于某些刺激物之下，如灰尘或动物毛屑。另一种观点则认为，童年早期接触某些特定的细菌实际上反而能触发免疫系统的正常发育，而过分卫生的条件如果限制了人们接触这些细菌，则可能导致孩子的免疫系统日后对某些刺激物作出过激反应。一项新的研究支持后一种观点：那些过分频繁清洗其身体及其父母过分清扫房屋的孩子，比其他孩子更容易产生过敏。因此，为了减少孩子与成人身上发生过敏，父母应该不要去限制孩子曝露于刺激物与细菌之下.”

Argument 82

The following appeared in a letter to an editor。
"In many countries, wood is the primary fuel used for heating and cooking, but wood smoke can cause respiratory and eye problems, and extensive use of wood causes deforestation, a major environmental problem. In contrast, charcoal, made by partially burning wood in a controlled process, is a fuel that creates less smoke than wood does. Moreover, although charcoal costs slightly more than wood, less charcoal is needed to produce the same amount of heat. Therefore, people who use wood as their primary fuel can, without experiencing economic hardship, switch to charcoal and can thereby improve their health and preserve the environment."
下述文字摘自致某编辑的一封信函。
　　“在许多国家，木材是用于取暖和做饭的主要燃料，但木柴产生的烟却会导致呼吸和眼睛问题，且木材的广泛使用会导致森林砍伐这一重大的环境问题。相反，在一个有控制的过程中通过部分燃烧木材而制成的木炭却是一种不会像木材那样造成大量烟雾的燃料。此外，尽管木炭的成本比木材稍高，但制造同样数量的热量所需消耗的炭却较少。因此，将木材作为主要燃料使用的人们可以在并不体验到经济困难的情况下转而使用木炭，并因此可提高健康水平和保护环境。”

Argument 83

The following appeared in a memo from the business manager of Medicine, Inc., a local drugstore.
"Most business analysts for the drugstore industry have stated that even when a nation's economy is weak, drugstores' profits are unlikely to decline appreciably. While consumers might put off some kinds of purchases when the economy is slow, prescription and over-the-counter drug purchases are dictated by consumers' health needs, which are independent of the economy. Therefore, Medicine Inc. is likely to continue to have increasing profits and should plan to open an additional drugstore next year."
下述文字摘自一家当地药店Medicine药业公司业务经理的一份备忘录。
　　“药店行业的大多数业务分析师已表明，即使一个国家的经济呈疲软状态，药店的利润也不可能显著下降。虽然在经济增长迟缓的情况下消费者会放弃某些购买，但大夫的处方以及药店柜台直接销售的药物购买却是由消费者的健康需要决定的，这一点与经济的好坏无关。因此，Medicine公司有可能继续增加其利润并应该计划在明年再开设一家药店。”

Argument 84

The following appeared in a memo written by the head of the Gorham School。
“Our school cafeteria should make changes in the lunches that it serves in order to improve the health of our students. Several teachers and I have observed that students who eat these meals tend to eat the main course and the dessert, but seldom finish the vegetable portion. This pattern means that students are missing the vital nutritional benefits of fruits and vegetables, which are typically rich in vitamins and minerals. Therefore, the school cafeteria should serve larger fruit and vegetable portions along with smaller main course and dessert portions. This change will be effective because, according to research conducted at the Rose Children's Hospital, children eat the same amount of food served to them—about 55 percent, on average—no matter what the main course is.”
下述文字摘自Gorham学校校长撰写的一份备忘录。
　　“为了增强我们学生的健康状况，我校食堂应对其供应的午餐进行改进。我和其他教师观察到，那些在食堂吃午餐的学生只吃主食和甜食，但很少会将蔬菜吃完。这一饮食模式意味着学生们正在失去水果和蔬菜所带来的关键性营养价值，因为蔬菜和水果普遍含有丰富的维他命和矿物质。因此，学校食堂应该供应更多的蔬菜与水果的份额，而减少主食与甜食的份额。 这一改进将行之有效，因为玫瑰儿童医院所作的一份研究表明，无论主食是什么，儿童食用所供应给他们的食物的数量是保持不变的，平均为55％。”

Argument 85

The following appeared in the letter to an editor of a Myrian newspaper.
"Under Governor Winslow's leadership over the past four years, Myria has enjoyed unprecedented prosperity. Average wage increases this year are higher than they have been at any time since the 1970's, the number of people who report being unemployed has decreased by 10 percent, and construction of new homes is up by one third. In contrast, over the past four years Governor Winslow's opponent, Mr. Homer, has been mayor of a city in which only a small number of new businesses have opened. If Myrians want another four years like the past four years, they should reelect Governor Winslow."
下述文字摘自致Myria州某报纸编辑的信函。
　　“过去四年中，在州长Winslow的领导下，Myria州享受到了前所未有的繁荣。今年工资平均涨幅高于自20世纪70年代以来的任何时候。反映失业的人数减少了10％，新住房的建设上升了1/3。与此相反的是，在过去四年中，Winslow州长的政敌Homer先生在某市担任市长，但该市仅有少数几家商家开辟了新业务。如果Myria州的人们期望未来的四年仍能像过去的四年那样，那么，他们就应该让Winslow州长连任。”

Argument 86

The following appeared in a memo from a member of the Clark City School Board.
"Mason Elementary School is faced with a shortage of classroom space. At the same time, parents in our district are increasingly expressing the desire to see improvements in their children's reading abilities. Therefore, we should reduce the number of physical education classes at Mason Elementary and convert part of the gymnasium to class-room space. The school will gain the additional space for classrooms without the cost of extending the building and can use the time that students would have spent in physical education classes to provide more reading instruction. This plan will lead to improvements in students' reading skills."
下述文字摘自Clark市学校董事会某一成员的备忘录。
　　“Mason小学正面临着教室空间紧缺的问题。同时，我区的家长们正日益迫切地表达着想看到他们子女阅读能力得到提高的愿望。因此，我们应该改少Mason小学体育课的数量，将一部分体操馆改造成教室空间。学校就能获得额外的空间用作教室，而不必负担扩建大楼的成本，并可将学生用于体育课的时间用来提供更多的阅读教学。这一计划将导致学生阅读能力的提高。”

Argument 87

The following appeared in a memo to managers of Christine's, a chain of craft stores.
"Several major newspapers have recently run articles noting an increased interest in pottery. The number of potters in this country has risen by eighteen percent in the past five years, and pottery is particularly gaining popularity on college campuses. In order to take advantage of these trends, Christine's should immediately begin carrying a larger volume of pottery supplies. Since several of our stores have recently experienced a decrease in sales of painting supplies, all store managers should reallocate shelf space from the painting area for the display of pottery. Stores should display posters showing pottery that is designed to appeal to college-age individuals. These actions will undoubtedly increase our profits dramatically."
下述文字摘自致一家工艺品连锁店Christine商店经理的备忘录
　　“最近，有几家大型报纸都刊登文章，指出公众对陶器的兴趣与日俱增。本国的制陶艺人的数量在过去5年中增加了18％，陶器在大学校园尤其受到青睐。为了利用这些潮流趋势，Christine商店应该立刻开始执行一项数量更为庞大的供应计划。由于我们的几家商店最近经历了一次绘画作品供货的销售下降，所有的商店经理应该对绘画区货架上的空间进行重新分配，用来展出陶器。各商店应该挂出招贴画，展出那些旨在吸引大学年龄段人群的陶器。毫无疑问，这些行动将戏剧性地增加我们的利润。”

Argument 88

The following appeared in a newsletter about health published in the country of Sauria.
"According to Sauria's leading nutritional experts, a diet high in complex carbohydrates, and low in fat is optimal for good health and longevity. Because this was the diet of the people who lived in ancient Sauria, one would expect them to have had long and healthy lives. Yet the mummified remains of Sauria's ruling classes from two to three thousand years ago show the existence of many medical problems among the ancient Saurians, including dental problems, elevated blood pressure, obesity, heart disease, and early mortality. Clearly, the diet of the ancient Saurians was responsible for these problems. The high incidence of high blood pressure, obesity, and heart disease in Sauria today even among those who have tried low-fat, high-carbohydrate diets further proves that Sauria's leading nutritional experts are wrong."
下述文字摘自Sauria国出版的有关健康的某份时事通讯。
　　“据Sauria著名的营养专家们说，复杂碳水化合物含量高而脂肪含量低的饮食最有利于身体健康和长寿。由于这是生活在古代Sauria国的人们所采用的饮食，所以我们期望他们享受过长寿而又健康的生命。然而，2000至3000年前Sauria国统治阶层的木乃伊尸体却表明，古代Sauria人中存在着许多医学问题，包括牙齿问题、高血压、肥胖、心脏病及夭折等。显然，古Sauria人的饮食造成了所有这些问题。即使在今日的Sauria国尝试过碳水化合物含量高而脂肪含量低的人当中，高血压症、肥胖症及心脏病的高发率进一步证明，Sauria国的那几位著名营养专家的观点是错误的。”

Argument 89

The following appeared in a newspaper published in the state of Celera.
"Speed limits on our state's highways should be eliminated in order to increase our state's prosperity. Because greater speed means more efficient travel, commercial deliveries will be faster, increasing business profits. Elimination of speed limits will also make driving more attractive to motorists, so that more people will use the highways, providing more highway toll revenues for the state. At the same time, safety on our highways will not be affected: daytime speed limits were eliminated last year in the western states of our country, and no significant increase in the number of accidents in these states has been reported."
下述文字摘自Celera州出版的一份报纸。
　　“本州公路上的车速限制应该被废除，以便增强本州的经济繁荣。由于更高的车速意味着更迅捷的通行，故商业投递将会更快，大大提高商业利润。废除车速限制也将使驾驶汽车对司机来说变得更具吸引力，因此会有更多的人去使用公路，从而为本州提高更多的公路收费收益。同时，我们公路上的安全将不会受到影响。去年，我国西部诸州废除了白昼的车速限制，据报道，这些州中也没有出现任何大幅度的事故数量的增加。”

Argument 90

The following appeared in an editorial on health problems in the country of Corpora.
"Some pharmacies now feature ultrasound machines that screen for an elevated risk of stroke. For a fee, a technician presses a probe against the neck to determine whether any plaque has thickened the walls of the main artery leading to the brain. Researchers have shown that a thickening of artery walls is associated with elevated stroke risk, and such scans typically find that anywhere from 5 to 20 percent of clients have detectable plaque. All pharmacies should offer this service, because early detection of increased risk for stroke will encourage clients to consult with their doctors and make important life-style changes to reduce their risk of having a stroke. This in turn will cause a decrease in overall medical costs in Corpora."
下述文字摘自Corpora国有关健康问题的某篇社论。
　　“某些药房现在拥有一些超声波机器作为其特色，这些机器可用于检查患者是否存在很高的中风风险。在收取检查费后，技术人员将一探头压于患者脖子上，来判定是否任何血小板已致使连接大脑的主动脉壁变厚。研究人员已证明，动脉壁的变厚与中风风险的增加相关，此类扫描普遍发现，在病人的5％至20％这一范围内，任何比例的病人都有易于查到的血小板，所有药房均应提供这种服务，因为早日检查出中风风险的增加将会鼓励病人向大夫进行咨询，并作出重大的生活方式的改变，来减少他们中风的风险。这反过来会导致Corpora全国总体医疗成本的降低。”

Argument 91

The following appeared in an article in Supplements Today.
"Dieticians have long known that professional athletes who eat a lot of nuts have higher levels of endurance than those who do not. Researchers have recently discovered that the particular combination of vitamin N and fiber found in some nuts provides a boost for those who participate in strenuous physical activities daily. Both vitamin N and fiber supplements are easily synthesized and widely available. As a result, all those who participate in athletic activities will be able to increase their endurance and win more games by taking vitamin N along with a fiber supplement."
下述文字摘自《今日副刊》的一篇文章。
　　“饮食专家们很早就了解到，吃很多坚果的职业运动员比不吃坚果的人有着更高程度的耐力。研究人员们最近发现，维他命N与某些坚果中所能发现的纤维的某种特殊结合可为那些每日都要参加高强度生理活动的人提供帮助。无论是维他命N还是纤维补充物均很容易进行合成，并广泛地易于获得。如此一来，所有参加体育活动的人，只要连同某种纤维补充物一起服用维他命N，就能提高他们的耐力，并赢得更多的比赛。”

Argument 92

The following is a recommendation from the human resources department at Techforce Computer Company.
"Many working parents report that problems related to their childcare arrangements are a major reason for absenteeism from their jobs. Bridgewell Corporation, a tele-communications company, implemented an on-site childcare program and after one year, the company reported that unscheduled absences had declined by 25 percent. Since Techforce has had an increase in unscheduled employee absences over the past year, we should therefore implement our own on-site childcare program. The program will undoubtedly reduce our unscheduled employee absences, resulting in significantly increased productivity."
下述文字摘自Techforce计算机公司人力资源部的建议书。
　　“许多职业父母们反映，与他（她）们儿童保育安排相关的诸多问题是他们旷工的主要原因。Bridgewell公司，作为一家电信公司，推行了一项现场儿童保育计划，一年之后，该公司称，缺席和旷工现象减少了25％。既然Techforce在过去的一年中缺席和旷工现象日趋上升，我们就应该执行我们自己的现场儿童保育计划。这一计划将毫无疑问减少我们员工的缺席和旷工现象，并大幅度提高生产率。”

Argument 93

The following appeared in a memo from a vice president of a large, highly diversified company..
"Ten years ago our company had two new regional office buildings built in two different regions. The buildings were erected by two different construction companies—Alpha and Zeta. Even though the two buildings had virtually identical floor plans, the building constructed by Zeta cost 30 percent more to build, and its expenses for maintenance last year were twice those of the building constructed by Alpha. Furthermore, the energy consumption of the Zeta building has been higher than that of the Alpha building every year since its construction. Such data, plus the fact that Alpha has a stable workforce with little employee turnover, indicate that we should use Alpha Construction Company, rather than Zeta, for all future building projects."
下述文字摘自某大型高度多元化经营的公司副总裁的备忘录。
　　“10年前，我们公司在两个不同的地区建造了两幢新的地方办公楼。这两幢大楼是由两家不同的建筑公司建造的——Alpha公司以及Zeta公司。虽然两幢大楼的平面图几乎完全一样，但Zeta公司所造大楼的费用要高出30％，并且它去年的维修费要比Alpha的高出二倍。此外，自其竣工以来，Zeta公司所造大楼每年的能源消耗也高于Alpha公司所造的大楼。这些数据，加诸这样一个事实，即Alpha公司拥有一支稳定的劳动力队伍，很少发生员工更替，一切都表明我们应该使用Alpha建筑公司而不是Zeta建筑公司来进行所有未来的大楼建造计划。”

Argument 94

The following appeared in a memo from the president of Bower Builders, a company that constructs new homes.
"A nationwide survey reveals that the two most desired home features are a bathroom with a whirlpool tub and a large kitchen. Homes in a nearby development built by our competitor, Domus Construction, have whirlpool tubs and have sold much faster and at significantly higher prices than the average. To increase our sales and profits, we should include whirlpool tubs and larger kitchens as standard features in all our new homes. Since our recent buyers have voiced no complaints about small yards, we can also increase profits by decreasing the size of our yards."
下述文字摘自Bower Builders公司——一家建造新住房的公司——总裁的备忘录。
　　“一项全国性的调查表明，人们最期望的两大住房特点是带有旋涡浴缸的與洗室和宽敞的厨房。由我们的竞争对手Domus建筑公司在附近的一项房地产开发项目中建造的住房装有旋涡浴缸，使房屋售出的速度更快，平均售价大幅度上升。为了增加我们的销售和利润，我们应该在我们所有新建住房里包含旋涡浴缸和厨房这些标准要素。既然我们最近的买家对较大面积的小庭院没有提出过任何怨言，我们也可以通过减少住房庭院的面积而来增加利润。”

Argument 95

The following appeared in a memo from a budget planner in Sophia County.
"Census data indicate that the number of retired couples without children who are moving into Sophia County is steadily rising; private schools in our county report substantial increases in enrollment; and a statewide survey of parents shows that over 10 percent now support the idea of home schooling instead of public schooling funded by the county government. Such demographic trends suggest that our county will not have to construct new school buildings and that we can therefore decrease the budget for county-funded public schools."
下述文字摘自Sophia县预算规划人员的备忘录。
　　“人口统计数据表明，移居到Sophia县的不带子女的退休夫妇的数量正稳定上升。我县的私立学校反映，学生报名入学的数量大幅度增加。对家长们所作的一项全州性调查显示，10％以上的家长现在支持家庭教育这一理念，而非由县政府资助的公立教育。这样的人口统计学趋势表明，我县没有必要去建造新的教学大楼，因此我们就能减少由县政府资助的公立教育的预算经费。”

Argument 96

The following appeared in a magazine focusing on health and fitness.
"A recent study of several nutritional supplements showed that subjects who took a daily pill containing luceen had significantly better vision of distant objects than subjects in the study who took other nutritional supplements. Luceen appears naturally in a tasty fruit that grows on the island of Bonopia, and very few inhabitants of that island wear eyeglasses or other corrective lenses. Such evidence suggests that people who develop vision problems should take regular luceen supplements."
下述文字摘自某健康与健美杂志The following appeared in a memo from the manager of television station KICK.
　　“最近一项对某些营养补充物所作的研究显示，每日服用一粒含有Luceen的药丸的受试者，其观看远处物体的视力要比该项研究中服用其他营养补充物的受试者的视力远好得多。Luceen是一种天然物质，存在于Bonopia岛上种植的一种十分好吃的水果，该岛居民中几乎没有任何人戴眼镜或其他视力校正装置。这些证据表明，患有视力问题的人们应该定期服用Luceen补充物。”

Argument 97

The following appeared in a memo from the manager of television station KICK
"A nationwide survey reveals that a sizeable majority of men would like to see additional sports programs on television. After television station WACK increased its sports broadcasts, its share of the television audience in its viewing area almost doubled. To gain a larger audience share in our area, and thus increase company profits, KICK should also revise its broadcast schedule to include more sports coverage."
下述文字摘自KICK电视台经理的备忘录
　　“一项全国性调查显示，一个规模甚为庞大的多数男性观众希望在电视上观赏到更多的体育节目。当WACK电视台增加了其体育节目的播出数量后，它所在的收视区域内电视观众的收视率几乎翻了一倍。为了在我们地区获得更大的观众份额，并因此提高公司的盈利水平，KICK电视台应该修改其播出日程表，增加体育节目的报道。”

Argument 98

The following appeared in a memo from the director of a large group of hospitals.
"In a laboratory study of liquid antibacterial hand soaps, a concentrated solution of Nadasept killed 40 percent more bacteria than the liquid hand soaps currently used in our hospitals. During a subsequent test of Nadasept at our hospital in Saluda, that hospital reported significantly fewer cases of patient infection than did any of the other hospitals in our group. Therefore, to prevent serious patient infections, we should supply Nadasept at all hand washing stations throughout our hospital system."
下述文字摘自一家庞大的医院集团的主任的备忘录。
　　“在一项有关液体抗菌洗手皂的实验室研究中，Nadasept浓缩液所杀死的细菌要比我们各大医院目前所使用的洗手皂高出40％。随后在我们位于Saluda市的医院进行的一次对Nadasept所作的检测中，该医院反映，病人受感染的个案远少于我们集团的任何其他一家医院。因此，为了防止严重的病人感染，我们应该在我们整个医院系统内的所有洗手站供应Nadasept液体洗手皂。”

Argument 49

The following appeared in a memo from the economic minister of the small country Paucia.
"Using a newly developed variety of seed, farmers in our neighboring country Abundia produced 80 percent more rice last year than in any previous year. To increase the income of farmers in our own country, we should encourage them to cultivate this new variety of rice rather than some of their traditional crops. Such high yields of rice will also improve our country's balance of trade by enabling us to begin exporting it."
下述文字摘自小国Paucia经济部长的备忘录。
　　“由于采用了一种新研发的种籽品种，我们邻国Abundia的农民去年所生产的水稻要比以往任何一年中的产量超出80％。为了提高我国农民的收入，我们应该鼓励他们去种植这一新品种的水稻而不是去种植他们的某些传统作物。如此高的水稻产量也能改善我国的贸易平衡，因为我们可以开始出口大米。”

Argument 100

The following appeared in a memo from the chief operating officer of the Presto Manufacturing Company.
"Since orders for our major product increased by over 200 percent last quarter, we should promptly expand production by building a new manufacturing plant in Summit City. Summit City is the ideal location for the new plant because it has low property taxes, extensive blocks of land available for immediate purchase, and a large number of residents who are not currently employed."
下述文字摘自Presto制造公司总运行官的备忘录。
　　“由于我们主打产品的定单上季度增加了200％，我们应该迅速进行扩大再生产，在Summit市建造一座新的制造厂。Summit市是建造这家新制造厂的最佳地点，因为它的财产税较低，有大片土地可供即刻购买，并存在为数众多的目前尚未受雇用的居民。”

嘉文博译郑重声明：